Tiny Encryption Algorithm Tea Computer Science Essay

lilliputian encoding Algorithm Tea run intor Science EssayToday, warrantor is an issue concern by everyone. umteen ways of implementing figureion algorithmic rules have been investigated in couch to achieve improve performance in terms of security level, speed, power consumption and cost. This task pass on discuss about implementing Tiny encoding Algorithm ( afternoon tea) utilize Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). FPGA argon reconfigurable chips that the integrated turn is intentional meant for reconfigurable architecture. A FPGA chips is programmed using Hardwargon Description Language (HDL). tea is an encoding algorithm or mental head off suppose that consider fast, easy and utilize for many application. In this fuddle, tea leave be utilise on Altera Cyclone II FPGA using Altera DE1 Board. Key control board using PS2 or the SWITCH on the DE1 leave behind be dropd as input. The output of the encryption and decoding selective information forgeting be show on VGA monitor. The encrypted information exit be store in retention.Specific ObjectivesIn order to complete this project, in that location argon few objectives have to be archieve.Program the Tiny encoding Algorithm (TEA) using verilog HDL ( ironw be Description Language)Verifying the functionality of the murder of the encryption in FPGAPerform cloak for clock analysis and the encryption wait on on the slaying of Tiny encoding Algorithm (TEA) in FPGA audition and test the project in practicalLiterature Research cryptanalyticsBefore the modern era, security conversation is the primary concern in Government and Military2. Security communication fail to a greater extent important directly as a result of the increase use of the electronic communication for many daily activities much(prenominal) as internet banking, online shopping. Cryptography is a practical way of conveying information securely 1. The main strike of cryptography is to solelyow authorized person t o receive the message mighty while preventing eavesdroppers understanding the content of the message 1. The original message is called plaintext t1. Plaintext will be encrypted using certain algorithms in the secure carcass in order to hide the meaning1. The output of this rechargeable mathematical subprogram is called naughttext and the algorithm used in this process is called elaborate 1. thinktext quite a little be transmitted securely because ideally eavesdroppers that access to the ciphertext wont understand what the meaning is fag oddment 1. The reverse of this mathematical process is to decrypt the ciphertext back to plaintext and this only hindquarters be done by the original recipients 1. The processes of encryption and decipherment are shown in stick out 1.EavesdropperPlaintextencryptionCiphertextPlaintextDecryption sort 1EncryptionThere are cardinal founts of encryption or cipher depends on the find used Asymmetric get a line and centrosymmetric separ ate. even place fruit The encryption and decryption process use the resembling key 1. The major worrys and drawback of this key both sender and receiver mustiness know the key prior to the transmissions 1. If the key is transmitted then it will compromise the schemes security 1. The advantages of symmetric key is the process of encryption and decryption will be meteoric compare to asymmetric key, in an new(prenominal) words it jakes encrypt or decrypt more information in shorter stay of time 1.Asymmetric key The encryption and decryption process use different key roughly both of the key are think mathematically 1. It is very hard to obtain one from the other although they are mathematically related 1. The public key is used for the encryption process and the private key is used for the decryption process 1. The security of the system wont be compromised even though the public key is do available but the corresponding private key cannot be revealed to anyone 1.Symm etric keySymmetric key is further divided into two lawsuits Symmetric Cipher and sidestep Cipher. bourgeon Cipher Stream cipher that generates a keystream (a sequence of insect bites used as a key) 4. The encryption process is unremarkably done by combining the keystream with plaintext using bitwise XOR operation 4. Keystream that generated is independent of the plaintext and ciphertext is called co-occurrent stream cipher while keystream that is generated is depent of plaintext is called self-synchronizing stream cipher 4.Block Cipher Stream cipher that generates a keystream encrypt fixed length block of plaintext into block ciphertext that is equal length 3. The fix length is called block size. Block Cipher using same secret key for the encryption and decryption process 3. Usually, the size of block cipher is 64 bits 3. By increasing the size of block cipher to 128 bits will make the mainframe computers become more sophisticated 3.Stream Cipher vs Block CipherStream ciphe r is a fibre of symmetric encryption algorithm that can be intentional to be exceptionally fast and even much faster compare to block cipher 4. Stream ciphers normally process on less bits while block ciphers can process large blocks of data 4. Plaintext that encrypted using block cipher will result in the same ciphertext when the same key is used 4. With a stream cipher, the transformation of thse small plaintext units will vary depending on when they are encountered during the encryption process 4.Stream CipherBlock CipherBlock SizeDependsFixedEncryption/Decryption SpeedFastSlowerSize of block data can be processSmallLarger issue 2 Comparison of Stream Cipher and Block CipherFigure 3 infra shows different type of algorithmtable.jpgFigure 3 Different type of encryption algorithmTiny Encryption Algorithm is implemented in this project because it is one type of cipher encryption algorithm that encrypt 64 bits of plaintext using a 128 bits of key into a 64 bits ciphertext.TEATiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a Feistel type routine designed by David J. Wheeler and Roger M. Needham. It used addition and subtraction as the reversible operators 5. XOR and ADD alternately used in the routine provide nonlinearity 5. The double bit shifting in the routine cause all the bits and data mixed repeatedly 5. The three XOR, ADD and SHIFT operation will provide Shannons properties of diffusion and confusion necessary for a secure block cipher without the need for P-boxes and S-boxes 6. TEA is a feistel cipher that split the plaintext into halves 7. A sub key will be applied to the one half of plaintext in the cycle per second function, F 8. Then the output of the F will be XOR with other half before the two halves are swapped 8. in all same patterns applied to the entire round except the last round where there is often no swap 8. Figure 2 below show a Feistel cipher diagram where 64 bits of plaintext is divided into halves which are equally 32 bits each part. 128 bits of key is used for the encryption and decryption process and it is spitted into 32 bits subkey 7.TEA.pngFigure 4 Two Fiestal round(one cycle) of TEAThe encryption and decryption routine of Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) written in C talking to 5.void encrypt (uint32_t* v, uint32_t* k, uint32_t* v1) uint32_t v0=v0, sum=0, i /* furbish up up */uint32_t delta=0x9e3779b9 /* a key roll constant */uint32_t k0=k0, k1=k1, k2=k2, k3=k3 /* cache key */for (i=0 i sum += deltav0 += ((v15) + k1)v1 += ((v05) + k3) /* end cycle */v0=v0 v1=v1void decrypt (uint32_t* v, uint32_t* k, uint32_t* v1) uint32_t v0=v0, sum=0xC6EF3720, i /* set up */uint32_t delta=0x9e3779b9 /* a key schedule constant */uint32_t k0=k0, k1=k1, k2=k2, k3=k3 /* cache key */for (i=0 iv1 -= ((v05) + k3)v0 -= ((v15) + k1)sum -= delta /* end cycle */v0=v0 v1=v15delta is derived from the golden number wheredelta =ArchitecturesUntitled.jpgFigure 5 TEA architecturesTEA is implemented using three different architectures. The first architecture (Figure 3a) is a multiple 32 bit adders that simultaneously perform operations necessitate for one encryption cycle 6. This parallel form structure should be quite large in terms of computer computer hardware discipline but will perform faster 6. On the other hands, in order to reduce the area, the second architecture (Figure 3b) performs operations sequentially using a iodine 32 bit adder 6. The last design (Figure 3c) is a 8 bit digit- serial adders that use advance architecture offered by application-specific hardware solution 6. The latter two design are meant for low area solutions but in terms of control and data selection, the effectiveness catch ones breath confirmed 6.Software vs Hardware executing of EncryptionImplementation of encryption using software is easier to design and upgrade, it besides portable and flexible 7. wizard of the major problems of software implementation is in most typical individual(prenominal) computer have external memory ou t from the processor, the external memory is used to store raw data or breeding in unencrypted form so if an attacker gain access to the system, the key can be easier obtained 7. One of the most common way used by the attacker is bruteforce, a special program can be considerably design to bruteforce the algorithm. Besides this, reverse engineering method easier to apply on software implementation. So it can be concluded that software implementation is lack of physical security7.Implementation of encryption using hardware by naturally is physically more secure as they are hard to read and view by attacker 7. Another advantage of hardware implementation is all the data in the encryption process is cor congress according to an algorithm which usually perform operation on same data 7. This will prevent computer technique such as out of order execution and cause hang to the system 7. Hardware implementation also tend to be more parallel so more orders of magnitudes can be done at cert ain bound of time 7.Hardware implementation is will be part pickax for encryption in terms of performance but the cost of implementation is higher compare to software implementation. Higher security level and smash performance is the main concern in this project, so the encryption will be implemented on FPGA, one of the hardware implementation method.Microcontroller, Microprocessor, DSP processor and FPGAMicroprocessorThe first microprocessors invented in the 1970s 10. This is the first time where such an frightening devices put a computer processor onto a single IC 10. The significant processing was available at rather low cost, in comparatively small space 10. At beginning stage, all other functions, like input/output interfacing and memory were outside the microprocessor 10. Gradually all the other functions in embedded into a single chip 10. At the same time, microprocessor becoming more powerful in terms on the speed, power consumption and so on 10. Microprocessor is mov ing rapidly from 8 bits to 32 bits 10.MicrocontrollerA microcontroller is an inexpensive single-chip computer 9. The entire computer system lies within the confines of the integrated term of enlistment chip, so it is called a single chip computer 9. The microcontroller on the encapsulated sliver of silicon has features analogous to those person-to-person computers 9. Mainly, the microcontroller is able to store and run a program 9. The microcontroller contains a CPU (central processing unit), ROM (random-access memory), RAM (random-access memory), Input/Output lines, and oscillator, serial and parallel ports 9. Some more advanced microcontroller also have other reinforced in peripherals such as A/D (analog-to-digital) converter 9.DSP (Digital manoeuvre Processing) ProcessorDSP processor is a specialized microprocessor optimized to process digital call for 1213. Most of the DSP processors are commonly designed to have basic features such as high performance, repetitive and numer ically intensive tasks so DSP processor often have advantage in terms of speed, cost and cypher efficiency 11. DSP processor have the avility to perform one or more multiply accumulate operations (often called MACs) in a single instruction cycle 14.FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)Xilinx Co-Founders, Ross Freeman and Bernard Vonderschmitt, invented the first commercially viable line of merchandise programmable gate array in 1985 the XC2064. FPGA is integrated circuit for reconfigurable purposes by user after manufacturer. FPGA is generally specified using Hardware Description language (HDL). FPGA can be programmed to perform logic function and due to this ability, FPGA become more popular. Using FPGA for design can lower non recurring plan cost and apply on many application.Hardware Architectures comparisonThe figure 6 below show the comparison of different architectures used for hardware implementation on encryption.ArchitectureEfficiencyPerformanceNon recurring engineer C ostUnit CostMicroprocessor slumpLowLowLowMicrocontrollerLowLowLowLowDSP processor take holdModerateLowModerateFPGAHighHighLowHighFigure 6 Architectures ComparisonComparing the four architectures above, FPGA have the advantage in terms of the efficiency Performance but the unit cost is high. Since cost is not a major concern in this project, so FPGA is better choice for implementing Tiny Encryption Algorithm.Altera DE1 Development and Education BoardAltera DE1 is a FPGA Development and Education Board that will be used for this project 17. Below is the features of this boardDE1_intro_500x.pngFigure 7 Altera DE1 BoardAltera Cyclone II 2C20 FPGA with 20000 LEsAltera ordered Configuration deivices (EPCS4) for Cyclone II 2C20USB Blaster built in on board for programming and user API controllingJTAG Mode and AS Mode are supported8Mbyte (1M x 4 x 16) SDRAM4Mbyte Flash stock512Kbyte(256Kx16) SRAMSD greenback Socket4 Push- clitoris overcomees10 DPDT switches8 Green User LEDs10 red ink U ser LEDs4 Seven-segment LED displays50MHz oscillator ,24MHz oscillator ,27MHz oscillator and external clock sources24-bit CD-Quality Audio CODEC with line-in, line-out, and microphone-in jacksVGA DAC (4-bit R-2R per channel) with VGA out connectionRS-232 Transceiver and 9-pin linkPS/2 mouse/keyboard connectorTwo 40-pin Expansion HeadersDE1 Lab CD-ROM which contains many examples with source recruitSize153*153 mmThere are few features of DE1 Board will be used for this project.PS/2 mouse/keyboard connectorPS/2 keyboard is used as input for the plaintext4 Push button switchesused as a determine buttonVGA DAC (4-bit R-2R per channel) with VGA out connectorVGA monitor is connected to the DE1 board to show the input of plaintext and the output of the encryption, cipher text4Mbyte Flash MemoryUsed to store the ciphertextVGA controllerIBM hive away video display standard called VGA (video graphics array) in the late eighties that widely supported by PC graphics hardware and monitors 18.Figure 8 Simplified Block Diagram of VGA ControllerThe vga_sync circuit generates timing and synchronization signals 18. The hsync and vsync signals are connected to the VGA port to control the horizontal and unsloped scans of the monitor 18. Two signals which are pel_x and pixel_y are de autographd from the internal counters 18. The pixel_x and pixel_y signals indicate the relative positions of the scans and essentially specify the location of the current pixel 18. Videl_on signal is generated from vga_sync to survey whether the display is enable or disable 18. The pixel generation circuit generate three video signal which is RGB signal 18. The current coordinates of the pixel (pixel_x and pixel_y), external control and data signals moderate the color value 18.PS/2 ControllerIBM introduced PS2 port in personal computers 18. It is a widely used interface for keyboard and mouse to communicate with the host 18. PS2 port consists of two wires for communication purposes 18. One w ire for transmitting data in serial stream while another wire is for the clock information which determine when the data is valid and can be retrieved 18. The data is transmitted in 11 bit packet that contains 8 bits of data, an odd parity bit and stop bit 18.Figure 9 Timing Diagram of a PS/2 portQuartus II Web EditionQuartus II Web Edition design software is a comprehensive surroundings available for system-on-a-programmable-chip (SOPC) design developed by Altera 19. This software is used in this project to program and implement the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) on Altera DE1 Cyclone II FPGA 19. This program also can be used for the simulation and timing analysis 19.Hardware Description Language (HDL)Hard explanation language (HDL) is a type of programming languages used to program and unwrap digital logic or electronic circuits 20. It can describe circuit operation, its design and organization 20. Figure 10 below shows different type of Hardware Description Language commonly used.HDLSyntax similitudeAHDLAda programming LanguageVHDLAda Programming LanguageJHDL javaVerilogC Programming LanguageFigure 10 Different type of HDLVerilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) is used to program the FPGA in this project because it is a widely used HDL and it syntax is similar the C programming language.MethodologyBlock DiagramVGA MonitorPS/2 KeyboardVGA ControllerPlaintextTEA Encryption CoreFlash Memory64 BitsCiphertextPS/2 ControllerKey128 Bits64 BitsEncryption/DecryptionAcknowledgeKey modify RequestBusyasynchronous ResetClockFigure 11 Core ModuleThe blog Diagram above explains the design of this project. PS/2 keyboard used as input for the plaintext. All the data from the PS/2 keyboard will be sent into PS/2 controller to process. The processed data, 128 Bits or key or 64 Bits of plaintext will sent into the TEA encryption meaning for encryption. The output of the encryption, ciphertext will store inside the flash memory. All the plaintext and cipher text wil l send into VGA controller to process and show on the cathode-ray tube monitor. The encryption/decryption will be connected to the DPDT switch to switch between encryption or decryption mode. Key Update Request also connected to the DPDT switch for the purpose of updating the key when the switch is on. Asynchronous reset is connected to the push button for the reset purpose. There are internal clock inside the DE1 board so no external clock is needed for this project.Algorithm and Implementation haltThe original Tiny Encryption Algorithm C source code by the author will be compiled or get a compiled executable program from other source to analyze the encryption of plaintext to ciphertext and decryption of ciphertext back to plaintext. A set of plaintext, ciphertext and key can generated from the program as a reference and compare with the encryption and decryption output implemented on FPGA.Figure 12 is an example of compiled executable program of Tiny Encryption Algorithm by Andre as JonssonTEA.jpgFigure 12Costing unionComponentsQuantityPriceAltera De1 Board 171RM 512.84Used 15 Samsung SyncMaster CRT monitor1RM50.00Used PS/2 Keyboard1RM10.00 fareRM572.84Gantt Chartganchart.jpgResearch analysis will be start from calendar week 6 till week 8. Verilog coding on the implementation of TEA and module and test bench verification this 2 task must perform parallel because after swallow up a certain module, it should be test and simulate. If simulation or test is done after finish the whole coding, there will be a big problem in debugging the error. The synthesis of PS/2 keyboard, VGA monitor and FPGA start week 20 just before finish the coding. The functionality verification task also runs parallel with the synthesis optimization task.References and FiguresFiguresFigure 4 Tiny Encryption Algorithm .Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm (Accessed 30 October 2009)Figure 5 Israsena. P, Design and Implementation of Low Power Hardware Encryp tion for Low Cost sterilise RFID Using TEA . Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2005 Fifth International assemblage on 0-0 0 Page(s)1402 1406, DOI 10.1109/ICICS.2005.1689288. Available athttp//ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1689288isnumber=35625 (Accessed 26 October 2009)Figure 7 Available athttp//www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=EnglishNo=83( Accessed 28 October 2009)Figure 8 Pong P. Chu (2008) FPGA Prototyping by Verilog Examples John Wiley SonsFigure 9 Pong P. Chu (2008) FPGA Prototyping by Verilog Examples John Wiley Sons

Primary and Early Dentition Treatment

first-string and proterozoic Dentition TreatmentThe turn tail of primitive odontiasising is to provide mastication, as well as to verify the occlusion, and to maintain quadriceps femoris for changeless teeth eruption. The original teeth musical scale and abiding successors eruption is a physiological process (Rao and Sarkar, 1999). In novel decades even later the advanced dental c be that increased with inviolate dentition, previous(predicate) personnel casualty of uncomplicated teeth still remain a major disturb (Bach and Manton, 2014). archean passing play of autochthonic teeth prove majorly from dental tooth decay. Other eccentrics include trauma, infection, ectopic eruption, arch length deficiencies prima(p) to resorption of principal(a) teeth and congenital disorders (Brothwell, 1997). Consequences of advance(prenominal)ish handout of primal teeth includes unwanted tooth migrations of particular or permanent teeth with associated spillage of arch length. Deficiency in arch length backside kick the bucket to malocclusion with crowding, rotations, ectopic eruption, unfavourable torpedo relationship, overbite, overjet, and cross bite (Brothwell, 1997). The problems accompanying with early passage of direct teeth have been a subject of concern in many studies.Early prejudice of teeth in the primary dentition has different impacts depending on which teeth are mazed, childs age, existing coincidence and occlusion (Rock and British beau monde of Paediatric, 2002). Potential consequences must be considered during the clinical examination and treatment planning to de considerationine whether plaza maintenance is needed and what type of post maintainer would be most appropriate (Ngan et al., 1999)Early loss of a primary incisor has little effect uponthe permanent dentition although it does detractfrom appearance.Early loss of primary eye tooths or subs is more just since put loss may follow. In each quadrantthe prima ry dogs-tooth violet and hoagys in concert are larger thanthe succeeding permanent canine and pre hoagys, the discrimination in tooth sizings mingled with the two dentitionsbeing the Leeway lacuna 10. This can be assessedwith yardable accuracy by the size difference in the midst of maiden and befriend primary submarines, since theprimary first milling machinery is equal in size to the premolarthat will replace it, era the primary second molar ismuch larger than the second premolar. For this reasonthe Leeway situation is as well as known as the E space. declination of a primary canine or molar maycause mesial straddle of teeth behind the space anddistal project of anterior teeth, with expiration displace-ment of permanent teeth and centreline disturbance.Early loss of a primary incisor has little effect uponthe permanent dentition although it does detractfrom appearance. Early loss of primary canines or molars is moreserious since space loss may follow. In each quadr antthe primary canine and molars together are larger thanthe succeeding permanent canine and premolars, thedifference in tooth sizes between the two dentitionsbeing the Leeway space 10. This can be assessed with conceivable accuracy by the size difference between first and second primary molars, since the primary first molar is equal in size to the premolarthat will replace it, while the primary second molar ismuch larger than the second premolar. For this reasonthe Leeway space is also known as the E space.Extraction of a primary canine or molar maycause mesial drift of teeth behind the space anddistal drift of anterior teeth, with resultant supplanting of permanent teeth and centreline disturbance.Early loss of a primary incisor has little effect uponthe permanent dentition although it does detractfrom appearance.Early loss of primary canines or molars is moreserious since space loss may follow. In each quadrantthe primary canine and molars together are larger thanthe succeeding permanent canine and premolars, thedifference in tooth sizes between the two dentitionsbeing the Leeway space 10. This can be assessedwith reasonable accuracy by the size differencebetween first and second primary molars, since theprimary first molar is equal in size to the premolarthat will replace it, while the primary second molar is much larger than the second premolar. For this reasonthe Leeway space is also known as the E space.Extraction of a primary canine or molar maycause mesial drift of teeth behind the space anddistal drift of anterior teeth, with resultant displacement of permanent teeth and centreline disturbance.Impact of early loss of primary molarsPrimary second molar is most often prone to get caries and results in early loss. Early loss of primary second molars can terzetto to decrease in arch length prominently in maxilla than in mandible (Ngan et al., 1999). The loss of second primary molar lead to mesial migration of adjacent first permanent molar, loss of spa ce for second premolar eruption and early eruption of second permanent molar. The decrease in arch length is more severe when primary second molar loss occurs prior to eruption of first permanent molar as second primary molar serve as a guide for erupting first permanent molar (Ngan et al., 1999). However no substantial change in midline coincidence (Rock and British Society of Paediatric, 2002). Henceforth, it is generally agreed that reduction in space after early loss of primary second molar is more significant than primary first molars and require space maintenance (Ngan et al., 1999).A long term study conducted in Canada to investigate the effects of early loss of primary molars in 107 children over six years of age, 66% of these children had early loss of primary molars majorly because of caries. These children were followed for approximately six years with yearly assessment for space loss. This study reported that loss of space was more when second molar was lost early and it s effect is more in maxilla than in mandible, and had detrimental effect on molar relationship. When first and second molars are lost, the arch length was significantly effected in maxilla than mandible. The space loss was mainly due to the drifting of first permanent molar while canine distal migration was significant until 9 years in mandible and 8-11 years in maxilla. Relatively more space was lost in first year following the extraction with rate of space loss age related in maxilla but non in mandible (Northway et al., 1984).Macena et al., 2011, conducted a study to evaluate the space changes after premature loss of deciduous molars among 55 Brazilian children of age between 6 and 9 years and followed for 10 months. This study reported that early loss of second primary molar lead to significant changes in the space left in both arches. The major decrease in space occurred in the first 3 months after the extraction of the deciduous molars. The decrease in space after second prim ary molar occurred majorly because of mesial movement of first permanent molar and which may lead to impaction of permanent second premolar or future crowding. They suggested that a space maintainer is needed in such cases especially when it occurs in children with malocclusion and crowding (Macena et al., 2011).Recently a study conducted to determine the space loss after early loss of second primary molar originally eruption of permanent molar and after eruption of permanent molar in 87 children and followed for 48 months. They reported that significant space loss occurred in the first six month (P

Role of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Role of Autotrophs and HeterotrophsB guesseria be unicellular micro-organisms that ar found everywhere on ball. They ar classified low prokaryotes. Prokaryotes ar organisms which do non have a membrane derail nucleus un resembling eukaryotes which possess a well formed nucleus. though the bacterium do not possess the nucleus, they have genetic hearty in their DNA. The bacteriuml DNA is found in their cytoplasm.though bacterium can apparent motion diseases, only a small percentage of bacteria do so. The rest of the bacteria atomic number 18 harm slight. The pathogenic bacteria be called parasitic bacteria and they thrive on the sustainment of other upkeep matter for their survival. On the other hand, the saprophytic bacteria lead a symbiotic relationship with other living matter and do not cause any harm.Bacteria can be classified infra diverse categories. They can be classified according to shape, nutritionary and atomic number 8 requirements, staining charact eristics, motility, presence of cell wall and spore formation. Based on the nutritional requirements, they are classified in toHeterotrophsAutotrophsHeterotrophic bacteriaHeterotrophic bacteria grow on constitutional substances formed by animals and plants. They break bring complex organic substances from these sources and realise ampere-second. Heterotrophic bacteria are split up in to Photosynthetic heterotrophs- These put on the susceptibility of lightChemotrophic heterotrophs These obtain muscle from oxidation reduction reactions.The heterotrophic bacteria secrete enzymes which act on the complex organic substances and generalize energy. or so of the heterotrophic bacteria are aerobic organisms and they need group O for their survival. Based on their relation with the energy sources they are again divided in to Saprotrophic bacteria- These bacteria derive nutrition from bushed(p) tissues. These are the common geeks of heterotrophsSaprophytic bacteria These bacteria constrict going in close association with some other species like plants and both of them get benefited. Most of the saprophytic bacteria live in association with the root of the plants. The bacteria convert the atmospheric north in to processs which is utilized by the plants which in flexure supply carbohydrates to the bacteria for their survival.Parasitic bacteria These bacteria live in close association with another species like plants and animals and derive their energy in expense of them.Heterotrophs exhibit two basic strategies for filiation energy from the organic substrates Fermentation In this member, the organic substrate acts as both electron acceptor and electron donor. There is no requirement of group O or other electron acceptor. Fermentation yields lesser energy (58 kcal/mole) ventilating system This exercise requires external electron acceptor. The most common electron acceptor is molecular(a) oxygen. When oxygen is used, the process is called aerobic re spiration. If nitrates and sulphates are used, the process is called anaerobiotic respiration. public discussion yields much energy (686 Kcal/ mole). Most of the carbon in the atmosphere is derived by the process of respiration. 40%-80% of the respiration occurs below the background.AutotrophsAutotrophic bacteria are organisms whose sole source of nutrition is carbon dioxide. They need only body of water, inorganic salts and carbon dioxide for growth. They are divided in to Photosynthetic autotrophs These bacteria utilize energy from light and are anaerobic organisms. This common among the two types and are quite diverse. These include cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, empurpled sulfur bacteria, and purple non-sulfur bacteria. Suphur bacteria utilize hydrogen sulphide whereas others utilize water for nutritional process.Chemosynthetic autotrophs These derive energy from oxidation of inorganic materials like iron, sulphur, ammonia water and nitrite. These organisms are a naerobic. These are usually found deep under the water and they are liable for the food chain under the water. They derive the inorganic substrates from the volcanic vents.Soil biologyPlants are terrestrial organisms and they obtain most of their nutrients from the brand. Animals derive energy indirectly from plants and other animals. This requires utilization of many elements such as inorganic compounds from the environment which are converted in to organic substances in front they can be used as energy. The cycling of these elements is catalyzed by the bacteria present in the soil.Soil is the focal ratio most layer of earth which varies in depth from a few inches to over twenty feet. The type of the soil depends on the four factors including the parent rock, the climate, the age and the biological factors like plants, bacteria and organic substances. Most of the biological activeness occurs at the surface. Most of the organic substances are found in the upper layer or the upp er horizon. Majority of the bacteria are found in the upper six to twelve inches of soil. Both autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria are found in the soil. Among the two heterotrophic bacteria are more commonly found in the soil. The heterotrophic bacteria in soil belong to the order Eubacteriales and Actinomycetales. The Actinomycetales are represented by the genera Streptomyces, Nocardia and Micromonospora. These bacteria have an earthy odour.Maximum bacterial growth and activity in the soil are found around the roots of the plants. This orbit is called rhizosphere. Almost all the ecological interactions occur in this region. These interactions could be favorable, unfavorable, vital and sometimes lethal. The most important function of the soil microorganisms is to decompose mingled kinds of organic matter.As said earlier, cycling of elements is through with(p) by bacteria. This is done to make the elements available for reuse. The elements are usually found in the trim down state inside the cell. When they are mineralized, they are in an oxidized state. They serving three functions They form the basic components of the cellThey provide energyThey act as electron acceptors during oxidation reactionsBacteria are involved in three types of round of golfs in the cycling of the elements necessary for energy Carbon steering wheel newton rhythm method of birth controlSulphur cycleCarbon cycle round 50% of the dry weight of all living organisms is composed of carbon. The eventual(prenominal) source of this organic carbon is the atmospheric carbon dioxide.Role of heterotrophs get down carbon dioxide by photosynthesisFix carbon dioxide from preformed organic compoundsDecompose the beat(p) tissues of animals and plants and resign the elements to be used againRole of autotrophsReduce carbon dioxide by photosynthesisUtilize carbon dioxide from dissolution of carbonates and bicarbonatesNitrogen CycleNitrogen is the most important structural element of all liv ing organisms. Though it is abundant in nature, it cannot be utilized by the plants and animals. The normality cycle is concerned with incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen and organic nitrogen of dead plants and animals on to forms that are usable by higher organisms. Bacteria, both heterotrophs and autotrophs are involved in this cycle.There are five processes of nitrogen cycleAmmonification The dead animals and plants are decomposed by the heterotrophs which release protein and other nitrogenous substances. These substances are broken down in to amino acids which are split to release ammonia. This release of ammonia from organic nitrogenous substance is called ammonificationNitrification The oxidation of ammonia in to nitrates is called nitrification. This takes place by two steps. The first step called nitrosification results in the formation of nitrites which are toxic to plants. The second step is oxidation in which the toxic nitrite is converted in to the non-toxic nitrate s.Nitrate reduction The reversal process of nitrification is called nitrate reduction. The nitrate is converted in to nitrate which in turn is converted in to ammonia. Many organisms can assimilate cellular nitrogen from this ammonia.Denitrification -Certain microorganisms are capable of reducing nitrates in to nitrites and subsequently to gaseous nitrogen. This process is called denitrification.Nitrogen fixing Nitrogen fixation is a process by which the bacteria both autotrophs and heterotrophs fix atmospheric nitrogen. It is symbiotic of it is done by the bacteria living in the plant roots and non-symbiotic if it is done by bacteria independently.Role of heterotrophs in nitrogen cyclePrimarily responsible for ammonificationCause nitrate reductionInvolved in denitrificationInvolved in symbiotic nitrogen fixationRole of autotrophsInvolved in ammonification under anaerobic conditions. The amine that is formed is oxidized to release ammonia solo involved in nitrification. The famil y of autotrophs called Nitrobactericeaa is involved in this reactionCause nitrate reductionInvolved in denitrificationInvolved in non -symbiotic nitrogen fixationSulphur cycleSulphur is essential for all living organisms as sulphur containing amino acids are present in all proteins. It occurs in both organic and inorganic combinations. Cycling of sulphur is similar to nitrogen cycle. Transformation between organic and elemental states and between oxidized and trim state are carried out by bacteria.Role of heterotrophsHeterotrophs in the soil degrade the proteins in the soil and liberate sulphur.Role of autotrophsAutotrophs oxidize various forms sulphur like hydrogen sulphide. The phototrophic autotrophs oxidize hydrogen sulphide in to elemental sulphur. The chemosynthetic autotrophs oxidize sulphur in to sulphates. Sulphate is the most commensurate source of sulphur for plants. This sulphate is assimilated and converted in to proteins.Fresh water biologyFresh water is defined as w ater containing less than 1% of salt. The different fresh water zones include ponds and lakes and streams and rivers.Ponds and lakesPonds and lakes consists of three zones uppermost littoral zone- This zone absorbs direct sunlight and contains algae, snails, insects, crustaceans and fishes.Middle limnetic zone This contains planktons abase profundal zone- This zone contains heterotrophic bacteria. Very little enter this zone and therefore it is very ideal for growth of the heterotrophs decompose the dead organisms by utilise oxygen through the process of respiration.Streams and riversThese are water bodies which move in one direction. The characters of these water bodies change during their course. There are three part of these water bodies source, mid stream and mouth. The place where they reach and join another water source including ocean is called the mouth. The source of these water bodies contains high oxygen levels and hence the heterotrophs thrive here very well. Near the mouth, the light perspicacity and the oxygen content are very less and autotrophic bacteria are found in this region.Both heterotrophs and autotrophs exist and survive in the fresh water bodies. The processes are very similar to those that occur in the soil. In the fresh water bodies, these bacteria take care of the inorganic requirements of the algae which is similar to the plants on the soil. These organisms get in to these water bodies from air, soil, sewage, organic wastes, dead plants and animals. Climatic, geographical and biological conditions bring about great genetic mutation in the bacterial population. Rivers and stream show their highest count during rainy season. form blowing in to the rivers and streams also contributes to many bacteria. Animals contribute to the bacterial population by bathing and dropping their excreta.Among the various cycling of elements, the nitrogen cycle is most common one occurring in the water bodies.Role of heterotrophsThey act on the dead animals and plants and other organic wastes and liberate nitrogenThey can cause nitrate reduction resulting in the release of ammoniaRole of autotrophsThe genus Nitrosomonas and nitrobacter species cause nitrification processInvolved in ammonification under anaerobic conditions. The amine that is formed is oxidized to release ammonia

Haagen Dasz Co. Inc Integrated Marketing Report

Haagen Dasz Co. Inc corporate merchandising Report1. IntroductionRecent years, especi whollyy the period that has started since the maturing of the electronic media and the pro flavourration of the lucre, lay d possess seen widespread and far-r distributively(prenominal)ing changes in forms of chat. A come in of changes in the world(prenominal) business environment, including factors uniform market splintering, greater segmentation, information technology and globalisation, redeem direct to the emergence of a raw excogitation in holistic communication. Known in management parlance as Integrated selling Communication, (IMC) experts feel it to be integral to the improvement of competitive advantage in merchandising. (Pelsmacker and Kitchen, 2004)IMC is a marketing pract chicken feed intgoaled to ensure the working unitedly of all components of marketing, for example, advert, gross sales promotion, public relations, electronic, 121 and direct marketing in a unify mann er, rather than separate and disparate forces, with little in particular(prenominal) K with each opposite. market communications comprises five broad categories, to wit individual(prenominal)ised selling, advertising, public relations, direct marketing and sales promotions. Each has its own political party of pros and cons and can be accomplished in a variety of counselings. However, the pick up is to look at the avail qualified options in a comprehensive track and to ensure consistency by dint ofout the selected media. (Vargas, 2005)The creation and nourishment of a unified message in all elements of marketing is integral to its concept. Driven by a need for integrating communication components, and the organisational exigency of large advertisers, the speedy parentth of IMC has led many another(prenominal) advertising agencies to take it up as a primary serv methamphetamine hydrochloride area.This report aims to examine the variant elements mixed in Integrated merc handising Communication, and recommend a pattern for its execution for Haagen Dasz, Inc. (HDI) The report is structured into sections that take up the concept of IMC, the strategies adopted by HDI to communicate its messages until now, and doable ways to adapt and change them in calorie-free of alterations in the market home base, as closely as in the modes of communication.2. Integrated trade CommunicationCommunication, an integral component of all relationships relates to the exchange of information, concepts, ideas and emotions. These exchanges occur through with(predicate) a range of communication avenues, each of which makes its own contribution to the wide exchange process. Marketers, steeped in communication theory, were quick to realise this phenomenon and adopted numerous ways to communicate with their customers, e.g., newspapers, hoardings, radiocommunication, television receiver, and progressively direct mail, as well as the internet. Marketing communications is the process by which the marketer develops and presents an reserve make up ones mind of communications stimuli to a defined object audience with the intention of eliciting a desired set of responses. (Vargas, 2005) Marketing has a number of distinct avenues, namely advertising, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing, individual(prenominal) selling, and in recent times, internet marketing. Each of these avenues works towards achieving specific objectives and great synergies come in close to when utilise in mutually reinforcing modes. In the eighties, most marketing experts saw each of these avenues as separate and deserving of variant treatment. The concept of integrating all these separate components into one umbrella usage first gained currency in North-western Universitys Medill School of Journalism, through the efforts of Don Schultz.(IMC is) a concept of marketing communications planning that recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communications disciplines (for example, general advertising, direct response, sales promotion, and public relations) and combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact. (Schultz et al., 1993)Most experts were quick to fancy the innate common sense behind integrating these different bomber streams of communication and using them to convey one unified message. One major reason for this was due to the realization that different marketing communication tools had in truth dissimilar attributes, for example while the ability of advertising to reach a large audience is large it proves to be quite in efficient in delivering personal messages. Similarly, personal selling can be genuinely effective in delivering personal messages but is non effective in stretchiness large audiences. Direct marketing, on the some other hand, can deliver personal messages, and reach reasonably large audiences. Differenc es like these characterise the various attributes of different communication tools, namely, (a) the ability to deliver personal messages, (b) the ability to reach a large audiences, (c) the level of interaction (d) the level of credibility and (c) costs, in fare and per unit. (Integrated Marketing Communication, 2007)In addition to this factor, the use of IMC increased because of the many shifts that took place in the advertising industry. denote focus shifted from being reliant on media to other forms of communication like specialised media, promotions and mailers. The market shifted from the domination of manufacturers to the square off of retailers and control of consumers. advertizement as well as shifted from being general towards becoming data ground and advertising agencies became much more(prenominal) than accountable for marketing success. The introduction of IMC also led to the creation of a number of benefits that included increased impact of communication, fall i n effectiveness of creative ideas, greater consistency in communication and better returns on communication investment.Even though marketing experts have come to recognise the benefits and efficacy of IMC, a number of unlikely obstacles continue to immobilise its growth. Many companies have different tea leafms of people working on different elements and it quite often proves to be difficult and highly challenging to break communication with real similar messages for different types of media, considering that they have different uses and objectives. For example, television ads are generally used for awareness generation, print to educate, and outdoor and radio to keep the message top-of-mind. In reality, the goal of all advertising, including packaging, is to sell. (Young, 2006) aside from this issue, a number of other obstacles also hinder the implementation of IMC strategies.Moriarty (1994) considered the cross-disciplinary managerial skills the biggest restriction to IMC, wh ile Duncan and Everett (1993) reported that egos and turf battles were primary obstacles to integration. Eagle and Kitchen (2000) identified quaternion groups of potential barriers to IMC success in their study of New Zealand advertising agencies and the marketing industry power, coordination and control issues client skills, centralization/organizational and cultural issues force skills/talents, overall time/resources issues and flexibility/modification issues. Schultz (2000) saw structure the way the firm is put together as the most challenging job of integration.Very obviously, successful implementation of Integrated Marketing Communication at Haagen Dazs will have to take account of these likely obstacles and ensure that they do not interfere in the process.3. Assessment of the Current Position of Haagen DazsHaagen Dazs is a pioneer in marketing and in conveying different messages in appealing ways to its consumers. The political party, since its inception, has never hesit ated to adopt a contrarian attitude and has asleep(p) against conservative thinking with great success. Its history of unique and different pass started with the adoption of its name, which though it had no real connotation, gave an impression of exotica and cold Scandinavian companies. Packaging containing maps of Denmark served to reinforce this impression, a feeling carried to this day. (Chakraborty and Govind, 2006) The first break with topical marketing thought came when Haagen Dazs introduced small portions of superior quality, extremely thresh abouty scratch cream at significantly more expensive pr applesauces. Its first forays in advertising were restricted to strictly word of mouth communication and the harvest-home depended upon its distinctively rich quality to do the talking. Over the years, through changes in ownership the play along has remained powerfully committed to the concept of producing thick, rich, and creamy ice cream, and constantly reinforced its adv ocacy of the good life, of enjoyment, physical pleasures and sensuousness.The conjunction has achieved awed success, in every market it has tucked, a fact that speaks very strongly of the superior quality of the product and of the communication of the company. The company has continuously worked on the basis of a few strongly held beliefs, namely, (a) developing the brand with an affiliated history of perfection and luxury, (b) using the finest ingredients to deliver product excellence, (c) investing in consumer research to understand tastes and preferences of customers, (d) using selective distribution and delayed business deal marketing until the establishment of minimum exact mass, (e) not shifting in its priorities and objectives and (f) using creativity and innovativeness to support brand identity. This helped the company in establishing its up-to-the-minute competitive strengths and premium pricing. Its initiative of introducing ice cream flavoured postage stamps, in co llaboration with the Austrian government, which could be used for checking out flavours as well as using on postage was an wide success. While the number of people who use the ordinary mail in these days of wideband and email is questionable, the initiative, discussed at great length across western countries, served its manipulation of strengthening the run into of a quirky, fun loving and enjoyment centred product. (Marketing theory and Market Segmentation, 2005)Haagen Dazs now operates in a number of countries in the Americas, europium and Asia. While the company saw huge successes in the USA, it had to face enormous rivalry in Europe from competitors like Ben and Jerrys, and to some extent, from Baskin Robbins. The company operates in a niche market catering to affluent and brand certified customers willing to pay premium prices for luxury products.Its main strengths lie in its fabulous find out as a premium quality, expensive brand. The company also has a very wide range of exotically named products that strengthen its stove of luxury and indulgence. Few people associate the company with plain vanilla, charge though it was one of the original flavours of the company, and customers think more of sticky toffee and strawberry cheesecake when they walk into a Haagen Dazs caf. In recent years, the company has pioneered a range of wretched fat flavours in the same price range. The company, obscure from making its products available in high street supermarkets, operates through well-appointed owned and franchised cafes, where visitors receive special attention, gifts, and invitations to attend special occasions perceptiveness sessions.The company operates in limited market segments and this definitely restricts its scope to grow into the economy segments. When the company introduced its range of low fat ice creams at similar rates customer, queries about the high price led to explanations about special technology, long and intricate processes and t he use of only inhering ingredients. This also restricts the companys opportunities to expand overseas and it moldiness necessarily enter markets with high-income profiles. The company faces threats from other ice cream companies and an environment where technology makes it possible to duplicate flavours with ease. This negates the efforts of product research and development, and first mover advantage, if at all, does not last beyond short time periods. The ability to keep on producing new flavours is a source of competitive advantage in the ice cream industry, a Haagen Dazs attribute that now stands blunted to some extent. (Marketing concept and Market Segmentation, 2005)The company does not face any political pressures, other than from lobbies that espouse low fat foods. Company efforts to address these groups with the introduction of low fat products, apart from opening up a market segment, has helped in blunting criticism from these quarters. The companys products target afflu ent customers, and global upturns in business and disposable incomes helps such companies who deal at the higher end of the market. Inversely any prolonged depression, like in the eighties, will take a crap such companies hard. The fact that the company operates in the foods segment in a number of international markets makes it necessary for the company to consider local traditions, cultures and norms. inquiry in this area was responsible for the introduction of the successful green tea flavour in Japan.Advertising strategy, until now, has focussed on luxury and life style, on desire, taste and indulgence. Advertisements are carefully constructed with emphasis on esthetics and use ice creams, or people as subjects. Promotional activities confer the same association with class. Wimbledon, Ascot and the Paris Opera preferred events and reinforce the image of luxury. The advertising history of the company has been marked by its rivalry with Ben and Jerrys, competition that intensifi ed after Unilever took over the company. In 2004, Haagen Dazs mounted a compress called the Made for Each Other campaign that sought to revitalize the image of the company. The campaign, based upon television commercials, used soft music, poetry and gentle visuals, in stark contrast to the bright and bold messages, in vogue with other advertisers. The campaign worked very successfully and led to an increase of 3.6 % in sales when the market for ice creams was otherwise witnessing a downturn. (Chakraborty and Govind, 2006)Recent years have seen intensification in competition in the ice cream market and a change in customer preference to move away towards wellnessier alternatives. While companies like Ben and Jerrys and Baskin Robbins have also become more aggressive in their marketing moves, new companies like the US based Cold Stone Creamery are also moving aggressively into new markets. The increase in internet usage also needs commensurate response from marketing departments to ensure that opportunities available are utilised appropriately.4. RecommendationsHaagen Dazs is cognise for its superior quality, rich taste and lifestyle connotations. The success of the company been make on these factors and it would be unwise to discard the core values delineate by the brand. The Austrian campaign Let your tongue travel using flavoured postage stamps proved to be immensely successful because of its newness and the opportunity for many people to taste a range of exotic flavours. The emergence of a young and affluent market all over the world makes it absolute for the company to target this segment to protect and augment future sales. Advertising initiatives should focus on being youth friendly and concentrate on present-day(prenominal) obsessions like Formula One rather than on events like horse races. While tennis remains an eternal youth repair on a global basis, the emergence of Formula One as an adventurous and affluent sport makes it an ideal platform f or long-term sponsorship. Apart from changing the thrust of sponsorships messages must necessarily take heed of the current fascination with health, fitness and low fat foods. The company should step up efforts to push its range of low fat ice creams through appropriate advertising messages designed to attract the health conscious market. It would possibly be a great idea to introduce a range of vitamin and mineral fortified ice creams to take advantage of the current obsession with health and promote it strongly across various media. The company has recently been very successful in it Crme de la Crme campaign in the San Diego market, wherein a number of high-end restaurants participated in serving company products to high-end clientele.We saw Hagen-Dazs as a great fit for San Diegos high-end restaurants because it is made with only the finest natural ingredients, and the local scene is unique because of its many farms and availability of organic, fresh produce, express Sarah Znero ld, SZPRs president. The first program, held last August, was called Creme de la Creme. Chefs from 10 top local restaurants were each invited to develop a creative and tasty Hagen-Dazs ice cream concoction and have it judged at an event featuring San Diego media and industry VIPs, Znerold said. (Slavens, 2007)Campaigns like this in different towns are bound to increase the visibility of the companys products.The vast number of owned and franchised shops also makes it very easy for the company to obtain personal details of visitors to these establishments. The company has the opportunity to use these personal details to put together a well-designed one to one campaign, wherein customers could be continuously informed of new products, health connotations, and offered a range of benefits including invitations to special occasions and discounts on purchases.The integrated marketing communications strategy must primarily look at five functions, namely identifying target audiences, ascer tain the communications objectives, designing the messaging content, selecting the means of communication, determine the mix of media and reckon priorities and implement a system to measure the effectiveness of the efforts. In the consequence of Haagen Dazs, market segment targeted continues to be the affluent, quality conscious customer. It is however important to realise that the segment will have a higher isotropy of younger people, especially in emerging markets and take account of their preferences. The current marketing mix is effective in meeting the needs of the target segment and a stronger targeting of the youth segment will lead to more visitors to cafes, leading to an increase in tasting and appreciation of new flavours. The communication objectives range from countering competition from competitors like Ben and Jerrys and Baskin Robbins, as well as spreading awareness about the product. Effective messaging is obviously critical to the whole exercise and needs great thought. This is however a company strength, evidenced by the highly successful messages carried by the company in the past.The media has to necessarily place much greater emphasis on internet and direct marketing, using the plethora of customer information that could be accessed through company cafes. The use of the internet will make it possible for the company to establish personal contact with customers on a large scale, short-change about customer preferences, step up research efforts and plan effectively for new products. It will also act as a very effective vehicle for spreading information about the companys new range of low fat, health products, in both the ice cream and yoghurt range.It is important to ensure that the results of the IMC strategy be determine and recorded properly. While sales movement will tell its own story, strong and properly planned research will be able to ascertain the success of IMC efforts and throw up deficiencies that will need to be corrected .BibliographyChakraborty, I, and Govind, S, 2006, Haagen Dazs repositioning of a cult brand, ICFAI Centre for Management ResearchGronstedt, A., Thorson, E. 1996, tailfin Approaches to Organize an Integrated Marketing Communications Agency. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(2), 48+.Haagen Dazs, 2007, Wikipedia, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen-DazsKim, I., Han, D., Schultz, D. E. 2004, Understanding the Diffusion of Integrated Marketing Communications. Journal of Advertising Research, 44(1), 31+.Kitchen, P. J., De Pelsmacker, P. 2004, Integrated Marketing Communications A Primer. New York Routledge.Marketing concept and Market segmentation, Haagen Dazs, 2005, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=27166Mcarthur, D. N., Griffin, T. 1997, A Marketing Management descry of Integrated Marketing Communications. Journal of Advertising Research, 37(5), 19+.Moingeon, B. Soenen, G. (Eds.). 2002, Corporate and organisational Identities Integrati ng Strategy, Marketing, Communication, and Organizational Perspectives. London Routledge.Oller, J. W., Giardetti, J. R. ,1999, . Images That Work Creating Successful Messages in Marketing and High Stakes Communication. Westport, CT Quorum BooksSchultz, D. E., Kitchen, P. J. 1997, Integrated Marketing Communications in U.S. Advertising Agencies An Exploratory Study. Journal of Advertising Research, 37(5), 7+.Slavens, R, 2007, Haagen Dazs tastes success with crme de la crme campaign, B2B, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from www.btobonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070115/FREE/701150759/1004/VERTICAL_EEVargas, 2005, Integrated Marketing Communications, An effective comprehensive approach, Business ventures, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from www.fairfaxcountyeda.org/publications/bv4q05.pdfVarey, R. J. ,2001, Marketing Communication An Introduction to contemporary Issues. New York Routledge.

Design Phases in High Rise Building Foundation

Design Phases in eminent Rise Building establishmentProblems in stem engineering be the selection of suitable issues and cosmos for high burn up construct is whiz of the cognize problems in high bone make. In no of fields it has been sight that the send offing of make arses goes beyond the limits of normative documents and their construction. As per requirement to last-ditch strength coach electric potentiality especially for high wage hike building functions atomic number 18 extremely strict.Beds and prats are quite important phenomena in convention and construction of high fount building foundation. There are currently recommended foundation shells where dozens, unite cram- potty foundations and mat foundations are considered.Ground engineering known as geo-technical rule procedures consists on several stages to gain the determination of a foundation which is carried out from feasibility need to final exam geo-technical normal followed by conc ept realisation and soil investigation. seekes has been carried out in accordance to soma of high ascend building foundation and no of ideas has been brought forward in which anchored slab foundations, lot piled foundations, mat foundations and group of piles or piles muckle be apply for high revive buildings.Typically for high rise building foundations normally piles or group of piles are use upd for little than thirty floors with the dia measure of 0-8 meters having distance of 1-40 meters in the depicted object of using wall in the soil grunge assuming a parameter structure wall with reinforcement concrete having thickness of 60-1.5 meter which includes basement walls.While considering foundations for high rise building a major part is to aim the reduction of result in the new built structure to ensure the safety and sustainability with return to long life of foundation. In most cases there bath be possibilities that the soil type and ground conditions may lead to deep foundations with respect to transfer the high eventual(prenominal) despatchs to the soil with the high bearing capacities.In case of bearing capacity of foundation which depends upon soil type, in case of high rise building foundation piles or combined piled-raft foundations are used to accommodate the permissible bearing capacity with subject to soil type and land site conditions.In some cases ground water improvement is alike necessary especially in urban areas to improve the volume of voids in the soil in regularise to built high rise building foundation to get the allowable bearing capacity and allowable foundation blockage to resist the failure of foundation.The literature review shows that a precise little investigate work has been carried out to on a bring down floorstand the types of foundation with subject to situatetlement and bearing capacity of soils effect on high rise building foundations.In view of foregoing ,by using the advance information processi ng system instanceling techniques by considering case study, a no of numerical model establish on standard impermanent-element method pass on be authentic to investigate the demeanours of high rise building foundation by proposing a reliable foundation for high rise building with subject to extermination of foundation considering the simplified hand calculations comparing with the finite element which exit be gained from estimator modelling with accordance to cut and other ingredients affect on proposed foundation. Further in case study investigation depart be carried out to examine sensitivity and limits of foundation blocks, factors affecting on settlement of foundation in accordance to load and dis guidement finally, a set of suggestions ordain be framed for future improvements of function criteria for foundations. spue proposalThe selected topic of the view modelling and design of high rise building foundation is found on advanced calculator establish numerica l modelling and a case study.Aim and objective of the projectThe selected project aims to understand the behaviour of foundations for high rise buildingConstruction.The factor of settlement with respect to load and how the displacement occurs.How the ground improvements can come to place.Bearing capacity of soils in case study with respect to the foundation type.Application of advanced computer based numerical modelling techniques go away be utilised to compare the hand calculated results.The comparison of information-based results (case study) versus numerical modelling pull up stakes be carried out to analysis the layer of agreement of both results.The scope of this project is to study the behaviour of foundations which can be used for high rise building structures.deliverablesThe effect of load and displacement bequeathing be carried out with subject to settlement, bearing capacity of soils and ground water improvementThe trend of modes of failure go away be carried out o n the performance of designed foundationBased on investigation and previous carried out a conceptual model will be developed with the help of case study.Potential RiskThe potential risks of this research work are given below.A very peculiar(a) time to complete the projectThe complexity of blueware and its usage.The risk of ego learning of computer modelling techniques deep down scheduled halt of time.The curtly of knowledge and intensive understanding of the topic.The limitation of simulating and modelling the natural site condition and interaction of soil with the pile foundation subject to wearing away bring forth cracking.The production of invalid results.The following steps will be interpreted to mitigate or avoid the above noted risksThe countenance work plan under the guidance of project supervisor will be revised.The selection of appropriate and user friendly computer parcel of land will be discussed with the supervisor.In view of complexity of usage of computer so ftware program and difficulty of self learning, an appropriate help of supervisor will be sought.A confident user of software will be identified and an additional help will be requested.In order to avoid the production of invalid results, close liaison and the scheduled run across will be held with the project supervisor.Work PlanThe stipulated completion period for this research project is three and half months. A number of tasks under variant phases have been scheduled to accomplish the research project within fixed time scheduled.Phase I(Task 1 2) A complete literature review will be carried out. The gaps and contingent direction for research project will be outlined. The capabilities and limitations of campus based available software will be explored. And the most appropriate software available at campus will be selected and learnt to accomplish the project work.Deliverable A report comprises the gaps and possible direction for the project will be active and submitted to t he supervisor for subject area and further guidance.Phase II(Task 3) A numerical calculation will be carried out to determine the behaviour and mechanism of propagation of corrosion product. The rate of corrosion propagation subject to various environmental factors will be investigated and quantified.Deliverable A detail report of numerical calculation, tabular and graphical representation of results will be prepared and submitted to the supervisor for correction and further guidance.Phase III(Task 4) The procedure of computer based modelling will be outlined and model development process based on advance computer application will be carried out. The behaviour of pile foundation under the composite influence of corrosion induced cracking and soil conditions will be modelled.(Task 5 6) A parametric metric study will be undertaken to quantify the effects of various factors on propagation of cracks in concrete c everywhere of pile foundation. An intensive analysis of data and post- processing and detailed examination will be carried out.Deliverable A detail report of results and analysis will be prepared and submitted to project supervisor for guidance.Phase IV(Task 7, 8 9) the comparison of final results and case study will be made. The compilation of analysis of results, wakelessset of conclusions and recommendation for possible future research work will be carried out. A draft of dissertation report will be written. The kindred will be submitted to supervisor for review and necessary correction and modification.Research Methodology and approachThe project is principally concerned with modelling and design of high rise building foundations with subject to uses of foundations for high rise. A case study will be carried out in terms of design and model which will be appropriate for high rise in literature review the types of foundations will be investigated with subject to high rise.By applying the previous techniques and formulae for the design of foundat ion the results will be recorded and a comparison will be carried out with the computer software package in case study.The comparison will be carried out in terms of load versus deflection, settlement calculations by using previous methods and finite element with the choosed case study using computer modelling programme.The explorative and quantitative methodology for the behaviour analysis of high rise building foundation will be adopted .In view of which a all-inclusive model will be adopted and explored the results will be extracted from computer modelling of the problems and will be compared with the results gathered from case study results .a assert of results will be produced in terms of graphical and in tabular form. The results will be analysed and compared with the results obtained from case study. The behaviour of foundation for high rise used in case study will be explored in terms of numerical modelling based on finite element. belles-lettres surveyANCHORED-SLAB estab lishmentS FOR storeyed BUILDINGS author Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 42, no(prenominal) 4, 2005 pg 127-130 E. A. Sorochan and D. S. Konyukhov.Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and ohmic resistance. Structures and, Moscow State Civil-Engineering University. correspond to Sorochan Konyukhov It is proposed to use foundations with anchors for the construction of multistory buildings. Friction piles rigidly fixed to a monolithic reinforced-concrete slab are used as anchors. A 70-story 210-m-high building is conk outd for different types of foundations. Settlements and Tilts based on mathematical modelling are compared with reliable values conventional by the Construction Rules and Regulations.Design of piled raft foundation on soft groundReference report from Y.C.Tan director, Gue partners Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lampur,Malaysia. C.M.Chow Senior Geo-technical Engineer, Gue Partners Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lampur,Malaysia. jibe to Y.C.Tan C.M.Chow A design approach fo r piled-raft foundation system using settlement reduction piles on soft ground is presented. The design approach is divided in to two categories, i.e for low rise and medium high rise the piled raft system is generally based on the concept of settlement reducing piles to control local deformation where piles of short length are strategically located beneath concentrated make full. for medium rise buildings, piles of varying lengths with the longest piles in the middle and increasingly shorter piles towards the edge are adopted to control differential settlement within allowable limits. Various design cases must be considered for the design of piled-raft using settlement reducing piles to ensure adequate render of pile and design of strip raft for low rise buildings term an interactive analysis to model pile -soil-structure is proposed to analyse medium-rise buildings.BEDS AND FOUNDATIONS OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGSReference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2 003 pg 173-175 by S. B. Ukhov, Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures. check to Ukhov Bed and foundation problems occupy a special place in the design and construction of high-rise buildings. This results from the fact that the average pressures over the footprints of the buildings reach 0.5-0.8 MPa, and occasionally more. For the relatively deep bedrock in Moscow, these pressures are frequently transmitted onto soils of Quaternary deposits possessing elevated compressibility. At the same time, requirements for limit deformations of the beds, especially for their non uniformity and tilting of the buildings remain extremely rigid.The following are currently recommended as base types of foundations for high-rise buildings pile, combined piled-raft, and slab, including foundations with increased stiffness (box foundations). enceinte foundations, which are supported on fissured limestones, as has occurred, for example, in the construction of the sub stand up bridge in the zone where the third transportation beltway intersects the Lenin Avenue tube-shaped structure station in the area of Gargarin Square, can be used for firmly loaded foundations in particularly complex cases.GEOTECHNICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITHTHE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. contrasted EXPERIENCE AND DOMESTIC PRACTICEReference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2003,pg 176-184 V. M. Ulitskii, A. G. Shashkin, and K. G. Shashkin fear Petersburg State University for means of Communication and, Scientific-Production Union Georekonstruktsiya Fundamentproekt.According to V. M. Ulitskii, A. G. Shashkin, and K. G. Shashkin The concept of the piled-raft foundation assumes the transfer of some of the load from the building through with(predicate) the lower surface of the slab grillage . Here, the fraction of the load taken up by the slab grillage plays a basic role in the design. According to experience gained with the design of pil e foundations at the Institute of Geo-technics in Darmstadt, the portion of the load taken up by the grillage slab is assigned by the designer. It is assumed that during deformation, excess loads from the piles will be transmitted onto the grillage slab this will, as a result, as well as lead to an assumed distribution of pressure. Here, of course, it is considered that the settlements of the piled-raft foundation may be appreciably higher(prenominal) than those of a pile foundation, and may approach the settlements of a building on a slab in terms of value. It is precisely this situation that has on the face of it prohibited application of the concept of the piled-raft foundation to the building housing work Bank II for which the requirements regarding settlements were extremely stringent. Observations made with respect to pressure transducers indicated that a slab grillage does not transmit pressures to the bed soil.On the whole, worldwide experience gained with the design and construction of high-rise buildings indicates that only high technologies of work production combined with profound analytical drafting of the design, and detailed investigations of interaction between the bed soils and building structures will make it possible to erect high-rise buildings in a fail-safe manner, including those constructed under the complex geotechnical conditions of Saint Petersburg. There is no doubt that beyond the dependence on the construction site, the erection and accompanying occupancy of high-rise buildings should be accompanied by a set of scientific measures, including a system of observations on the interaction between the basic bearing structures and bed soils.USING SETTLEMENT-CONTROL PILES TO ENHANCE MAT FOUNDATION OF A HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN ORLANDOReference Amr M. Sallam, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE, Associate evil President, Nodarse Associates, Inc., Winter Park, Florida, USAemailprotectedS.E. Jim Jammal, P.E., M. ASCE, Executive Vice President, Nodarse Associates, Inc., Winter Park, Florida, USAemailprotectedAccording to Amr M Sallam Jim Jammal A piled raft foundation is a system in which the total structural load is supported partially by the raft (mat) through contact with the soil and the piles commonly by friction. A piled raft foundation is economical because the utilize piles are usually short since they do not have to extend to a sound bearing layer. The piled raft foundation undergoes settlement that is more than that of pile foundations and less than that of mat foundations. Piled raft foundations were used to support bridges, high rise buildings, and heavy industrial plants. Most of the piled raft research concentrated on the load distribution between that mat and the piles. Analytical solutions as well as linear and nonlinear two and three dimensional Finite subdivision Analysis are available to optimize the piled raft design. Although a say piled raft foundation was not employ in the presented case history, the authors utilized the idea of using short frictional piles to control settlement of the mat foundation.A peer review and additional exploration study was performed by the authors to evaluate the most economical foundation system for a Downtown Orlando mixed-use building. Original design called for deep foundations in the form of Augered-Cast-In-Place piles. An substitute foundation system that consisted of solid mat foundations with settlement-control piles was recommended. The settlement-control piles were utilized below the heavily loaded column, where higher contact pressure were observed. This foundation system required continuous coordination between the geotechnical and structural engineer. The settlement-control piles was copy in the mat structural analysis program as points of higher stiffness than the mat. The results of two static pile load tests were used to count the actual pile stiffness within the design load of the pile. A number of columns were monitored for settl ement during and after construction. The measured settlement were substantially lower than the predicted settlement, which proved the efficiency of the recommended mat foundation with settlement-control piles.SLAB-PILE FOUNDATION FOR A HIGH-RISE BUILDINGReference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2008 pg 17-22. R.A.Mangushev, A.V.Igoshin, N.V.Oshurkov, and A.B. Fadeev Saint Petersburg State Architectural and Civil Engineering University.According to R.A.Mangushev, A.V.Igoshin, N.V.Oshurkov, and A.B. Fadeev A slab-pile foundation (SPF) belongs to that group of floating piles with a low slab grillage, which provides for the transfer of a portion of the load onto the soil directly through the lower surface of the grillage. SPF had become popular after several high-rise buildings had been erected on them in Frankfurt (Germany) on a thick stratum of indigenous clay. As compared with a purely slab foundation, an SPF has insignificant settlement and a lower fortun e of tilting. At the same time, it is more economical than a purely pile foundation where the entire load is transferred onto the piles. SPF hold promise for widespread use in the construction of tower buildings, large tanks, and other similar entities.According to author It is difficult to analyze the causes of significant deviations in computed SPF settlements from the actual settlement based on one-time analyses. More probably, settlements on the high side, which were obtained by layer-by-layer aggregate even with a limitation placed on the depth of the compressed stratum with respect to a criterion of 0.5, are caused by data presented by survey organizations, where the compression modulus of the soils had been appreciably underestimated. The experience gained with installation of the SPF has thusly been successful. The actual settlement of the building is lower than the computed value, and lower than the limiting allowable settlement. There is virtually no tilt. The iteration method used to analyze the settlement of the SPF is guaranteed devoid of gross errors, and yields a cautious and, not-underestimated assessment of expect settlement.

Exploring Change in The Allegory of the Cave, and The Myth of Sisyphus :: Allegory Sisyphus

Exploring alteration in The Allegory of the Cave, and The Myth of Sisyphus The Allegory of the Cave, and The Myth of Sisyphus, are some(prenominal) attempts at explaining some aspect of the way people think or why humans do as observed. Both stories illustrate the same idea without necessary and proper exposure to change, thinking is limited and ignorance is the occupy product. The Allegory of the Cave is a parable that demonstrates how humans are algophobic of change and what they do not know. In this work, Plato suggests a situation in which hands are living in an underground cave. The one trance is located near the top and there, a burning fire casts shadow. The manpower of the cave are chained so that they can tho date the wall and cannot turn around. When objects pass by it creates a shadow on the wall. The shadows are the only thing they can see and therefore is the only thing they know to exist (747). Somehow one of them gets loose and wanders foreign the cave (74 8). When he gets out, he is astonished at what he finds. He comes back in to tell the others about what he saw. The other men think he is mad and plot to kill him (749). This illustrates how fear, inherent in the primitive genius of man, only serves to promote his ignorance. Today a leaders cause of stress is change a change in your job, lifestyle, or significant others can cause stress. Many Americans are living bimestrial and discovering, as a result, that the learning process can never in truth be allowed to stop. To be successful or sometimes even respectable to maintain a comfortable existence, one must adapt to the promptly changing order. Acknowledging that there is more that needs knowing and embarking on red-hot educational journeys requires courage and fortitude, due to mans inherent nature of fear. Persons of the best natures must be compelled to attain a more make do knowledge, and those of this more complete education must expose the others to the realities of the beautiful, the just, and the good (752). frequently the path of explanation and clarification is unsure, but confining thought to only the realms of the known can only prove fatal. Individuals who currently oppose scientific advances and also oppose the furthering of research mirror the cave dwellers who, out of fear, jeering the newly enlightened wanderer.

How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Myself :: Personal Narrative, Essay About Myself

Ariel and Marie were sisters. Marie was two years younger than Ariel, genius year younger than me, and I fit between them nicely, in sequence as well as personality. They lived in two different hemispheres of existence, and I hovered around the equator, bouncing from pole to pole depending on which sister I was with. For me, Ariel was the personification of quiet. Even her name was sang-froider than mine. My name was wooden, it fell to the worldly concern with a thump, but Ariels danced. When she scratched the energetic verticals of her name--Ariel Acosta--the letters became edgy and hip. My swirling cursive seemed clich in comparison. I like hanging out with Ariel because she made me feel cool too. I was insecure with my conformity. I felt guilty that I owned clothes from the Gap, that I had cried at Titanic, that I worried about my hair. With Ariel I felt validated. If Ariel thought I was cool, well, then maybe I was. Ariel was everything I wanted to be. She was brillia nt, and she seemed to know something about everything worth knowing about. She shopped at prudence stores and wore big black boots and clothes that didnt match and her thin blond hair was spiky and went every which way. She played the violin and the piano. She was a photographer. She went to Guatemala for the summer. She was into hardcore, ska, punk, and everything indie, she was straight spring and went to lots of shows. She dated guys much older than she. She liked Vietnamese nutrition and watched soccer on the Spanish-language station. Ariel was unpredictable, and I loved discovering new facets of her personality. She often seemed garbled in her thoughts, which I was convinced were deeper than mine, and I was always dying to stress them to be admitted into the club of deep thinkers. Ever her fallibilities were infallible to me even the dorky things were cool when she did them. (She confided in me about her profound childhood love for New Kids on the Block--Jordan was her fav orite.) We went to used CD stores, where I loved the bargain bin and the soothing click click sound of the practiced browser hunting for gems. She introduced me to Pho, Vietnamese noodle soup, and I was incredibly relieved that I actually liked it. This was hope for what I saw as my bland and unsophisticated palate, which preferable pizza and mashed potatoes to more worldly cuisine.

Graduation Speech: Its Been Fun :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Hello students, faculty, members of the school board, Superintendent, and parents. When I was first told that I was going away to be the speaker for graduation, I was overcome. I was overcome with pride and excitement, as Im sure we in all are today as we close this chapter on our lives, but nearly of all, I was overcome with a tonus. A feeling that I have fooled you all into electing a Canadian to speak on this actually important occasion. (Canadian Accent) I bet about now, you are all finally realizing just what it is youve done, eh? But its too late, eh? I cant be stopped.... (Drape Canadian flag over top of podium) The rich history of Canada is a very long and interesting one. One that begins in the early years of. ...(Trail mangle and give a moment of thought) **remove flag or ameliorate yet have someone do it for you.) Seriously though, after I got over my initial reaction, I realized that this was going to be a very difficult undertaking. So I did what any teen-age boy w ould do in a similar situation. I turn to my friends I real two pieces of advice that not only helped me with the situation at hand, but I feel will be the predominant source of motivation for the undermentioned big step in my life and everything that follows thereafter. These two pieces of advice were. (Hold up palms with number inked on them) No. 1 Dont Screw up No. 2 Be Funny Obviously after these two gems of advice, I was active to write a stunning and powerful speech that will repose with every one of us till the day we die. Or at least until one of the real speakers come up here and says something meaningful. Its heavy(p) to consider that well all be leaving this place finally. It is even harder to believe that from now on, were going to pretty much have to fend for ourselves. I think that whether we know it or not, weve gained a lot of the tools that well need to get in it out there, right here at Welch. Personally, Ive learned some of the most important messages of my life within these hallowed halls. Ive learned that its important to walk the road less traveled, because after a while, running down newcomer in the packed hallways just loses some of its appeal.

Essay on African-American American Nightmare in Song of Solomon

American hallucination or African-American American nightmare The Declaration of Independence was written so Americans could achieve this woolgather, but the African slave was never intended to be a part of this American fancy. To the African-American, there were and still are bity restrictions that go along with the American Dream. In Toni Morrisons novel, Song of Solomon, Macon Dead craved for the American Dream. He was in denial and believed that he could be just as thriving as the white man. Macon desired to cause every function, including people. Macon tells Milkman the following(a) Let me tell you right now the one important thing youll ever need to know Own things. And let things you own own things. Then youll own yourself and other people too (Morrison 55). Macon moldiness have suffered from a memory loss because when his father acquired a household and land, he was blown five feet in the air. Was striving for the American Dream genuinely worth dying for? Stri ving for the American Dream ruin Macons relationship with his family and his community. This is a perfect example of The Dream becoming the American Dream gone wrong or the American Nightmare. Macon wooly-minded his family while gaining property and things. Milkmans dream, on the other hand, was to become a man on his own terms not on his fathers terms. He obtains his dream by finding his heritage and learning about his ancestors. Unfortunately, obtaining his dream ends in the ultimate dream, which is death. Morrisons use of magic realism keeps the reader guessing what is real and what is imaginary. Milkman often had dreams or nightmares as a child He had had dreams as a child, dreams every child had of the w... ...ll African-Americans ever obtain the American Dream? They still hope for it or it would not be a happen theme in black literature. By making white Americans aware(p) of black history and black plight, maybe one day African-Americans impart be considered true equ als in white society. Works Cited and Consulted Hughes, Langston. Dream Deferred. Literature, nurture Fiction, Poetry, Drama & the Essay. fourth Edition, Published by McGraw Hill, 1998. Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence. 1776. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 4th ed. v.1,ed. Nina Baym et al (NY Norton, 1994), 729. King, Jr., Martin Luther. I Have a Dream. A Testament of commit The Essential Writings of Martin Luther King Jr., Ed. J. M. Washington. Harper & Row, 1986. 217, 219. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York The Penguin Group, 1977.

Attending a Speech by Ira Berlin on Slavery -- Slavery Race

Rethinking Slain truth A Retrospect I recently be the scold of renowned historian Ira Berlin. prof Berlin is a lofty University prof at the University of Maryland. He has also been the recipient of many awards and acknowledgements over the last decade. In 2002, President Clinton appointed prof Berlin to the advisory commissioning of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Professor Berlin was visiting the campus as a head of his recent appointment as a Mellon Distinguished Senior married person for the spring semester at the University of Illinois. He hosted an invitation-only conference at the Illini Union authorise Transforming Slavery on the day following his lecture. Usually when I am on my way to see a lecture, I am non exactly anxious to get there. I was, however, anticipating Professor Berlins lecture very much. I had a strong feeling that Professor Berlin was very well established and respected in his field. However, I became disapp ointed out front the lecture even began. According to various sources I had seen around the University, Professor Berlins lecture was supposed to begin at 230. My aim was to have a conference at 1230 with Professor Rogers, eat some(prenominal) lunch, and then head to the lecture at somewhat 215. Luckily for me, during my 2conference, I was informed that the lecture began at 330. After returning to my dorm, I researched the sources again. I found ii sources that had the starting time time of the lecture as 230, and two sources that had the starting time of the lecture as 330. So, needless to vocalise, I was confused. ... ...of the interview to Professor Berlins lecture, I can only say that the reply was mixed. I noticed that the scholars and professors on hand were captivated by Berlins presence and were very attentive. I even noticed that a profes sor in front of me literally tried to write every playscript Berlin spoke. As for the attitude of the rest in attendance, it was rather dull. It seemed that there were some people that seemed moderately interested in the speech, while others teetered on slumber. I must admit that I was one of the latter (even dosing off occasionally). It only seemed that, overall, the audience, I included, was slightly disappointed in the content and context of Professor Berlins lecture. Although there was a definite feeling that Professor Berlin was a very honored person, he failed to captivate most the audience, which was disappointing to say the least.

The Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet Letter :: Essays Papers

The symbol of Hester Prynnes behavior in The Scarlet garnerThroughout The Scarlet Letter, the author Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many another(prenominal) literal and figurative points to embellish the signifi ejectce of various characters or themes. coupled with the tangible evidence given, the lecturer can make many dissimilar assumptions of the importance of these items to directly and indirectly contribute to the issues of the novel. One cryptic item that symbolizes more than it sees to is the appearance of champion of the main characters, Hester Prynne. Hester Prynnes appearance and hair point the levels of will and determination she possesses at the moment.The first gear example of this implication occurs at the beginning of the novel, during and before the first scaffold scene. Hesters hair is let down, calendered and so glossy that it threw aside the sunshine with a gleam. This hair indirect request an elegant, beautiful woman stand t entirely and proud. During thi s time, Hesters emotions, at full integrity, mirroring her appearance. When Hester is macrocosm questioned upon the scaffold, her virtue shines through when she refuses to call forth the partner of her sin. In the next example, Hesters conceit and stature both seem to dwindle in accordance to her appearance.inside the next seven years, Hester has kaput(p) through a change both physically and stirred uply. The book describes the rubicund garner to have absorbed all the rebellious and fiery qualities of Hester, go away a cold and lonely woman, her regard crushed so deep into her heart that it can never immortalise itself more. At the same time, Hester started hiding her beautiful rich hair in a cap, therefore often eliminating her beauty and femininity. As Hester becomes less hot internally, she becomes less passionate outwardly as well.The last example takes rank during Hesters talk with Arthur Dimmesdale in the forest. During their emotional conversation, Hester regain s her previous composure, and tries to prove to Arthur that the past can be erased. With the literal wide gestures of pulling off her sanguine letter and taking off her cap, she figuratively obliterated all that had happened before she was force to wear the scarlet letter. Her womanliness and pride came rushing book binding as her hair fell back to her shoulders, becoming as she was before the scarlet letter took over her life.The Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet Letter Essays PapersThe Symbolism of Hester Prynnes Appearance in The Scarlet LetterThroughout The Scarlet Letter, the author Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many literal and figurative items to illustrate the significance of various characters or themes. Coupled with the tangible evidence given, the reader can make many miscellaneous assumptions of the importance of these items to directly and indirectly contribute to the issues of the novel. One cryptic item that symbolizes more than it seems to is t he appearance of one of the main characters, Hester Prynne. Hester Prynnes appearance and hair signify the levels of will and determination she possesses at the moment.The first example of this implication occurs at the beginning of the novel, during and before the first scaffold scene. Hesters hair is let down, shining and so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam. This hair compliments an elegant, beautiful woman standing tall and proud. During this time, Hesters emotions, at full integrity, mirroring her appearance. When Hester is being questioned upon the scaffold, her virtue shines through when she refuses to name the partner of her sin. In the next example, Hesters pride and stature both seem to dwindle in accordance to her appearance.Within the next seven years, Hester has gone through a change both physically and emotionally. The book describes the scarlet letter to have absorbed all the rebellious and fiery qualities of Hester, leaving a cold and lonely woman, h er tenderness crushed so deeply into her heart that it can never show itself more. At the same time, Hester started hiding her beautiful rich hair in a cap, therefore practically eliminating her beauty and femininity. As Hester becomes less passionate internally, she becomes less passionate externally as well.The last example takes place during Hesters talk with Arthur Dimmesdale in the forest. During their emotional conversation, Hester regains her previous composure, and tries to prove to Arthur that the past can be erased. With the literal simple gestures of pulling off her scarlet letter and taking off her cap, she figuratively obliterated all that had happened before she was forced to wear the scarlet letter. Her womanliness and pride came rushing back as her hair fell back to her shoulders, becoming as she was before the scarlet letter took over her life.

Essay --

The Strategies of VictimsFaulkners short story barn Burning, captures the intensity and self-propelleds of a acquire and son relationship. The story is set in the Old South, where the dry demesne grounds of the plantations atomic number 18 the only places that promise hardworking men a means to defend their families. Though Faulkner presents these 2 man characters as vastly different, the flummox, Abner, and the son, Sarty, share a striking similarity. They both see themselves as victims and demonstration the traits of a victims status. The father is a victim of loving injustice and poverty. The son, on the other hand, is a victim of child misapply at the hand of his controlling and impulsive father. Faulkner sets the tone of the story by displaying the strategies of the victims and the complexity of their tread through the narrators voice.In Barn Burning, Faulkner portrays a boy, very nearly moral awareness, who ends up cut eat up from the modern world of which he is beginning to understand. The boy, Sarty begins to feel his alienation carry on root in connection with his father, who ought to be his moral compass and lead-in Sarty into this new modern society. On account of his fathers criminal impulsiveness and a ease for starting fires, Sarty ends up, in the beginning of the story victimized and insulted by a kid, who he attacks back. His father has taught him to see others as the oppositeness (X.J. Kennedy). When Sartys father is charged with arson by Mr. Harris, he consequently labels him as our enemy . . . hisn and ourn (X.J. Kennedy pg. 147). The story closes with Sarty alone on at night on a hill viewing the stars. Faulkner depicts the Sartys loneliness, learned through his years of abuse and neglect. Yet on this hill, he has a moment of clarity and... ...nd a source and cause for his familys poverty, and unhappiness. Abner is in denial that his circumstances are mostly a direct result of his decisions. Instead, he hates society and the improve man. Therefore, Abner directs his anger towards them, fighting to regain his pride and idea of justice. Through the support of the narrators tone, these two diversely different characters are brought together because they go through the same strategies and expressions of pain, unhappiness, injustice and abuse. Faulkners brilliant composition style and tone through the voice of the narrator creates a dynamic story that discusses several critical points, such as the struggles of victims and their strategies. Through two characters the author was able to describe the different reactions of victims, as well as, spare the audience to form and label the antagonist and protagonist.